Chapter 1

🤰 1. Early Pregnancy Scan (0–12 Weeks)

Position: Woman lies on her back
Probe Placement: Lower abdomen (just above pubic bone)
Marker Direction: Toward patient’s head

What to Look For:

• Round black sac (gestational sac) inside uterus
  
  

• Yolk sac (small circle inside the sac)
  
  

• Fetal pole (tiny line = early baby)
  
  

• Cardiac activity (flickering = heartbeat)
  
  

Measurements:

• CRL (Crown-Rump Length) to estimate age
  
  

• Gestational sac size
  
  

🤱 2. Second & Third Trimester Scan (13–40 Weeks)

What to Look For:

• Head, spine, limbs
  
  

• Fetal movement and heart rate
  
  

• Placenta location
  
  

• Amount of amniotic fluid
  
  

• Fetal position (head down, breech, transverse)
  
  

Measurements:

• BPD (Head width)
  
  

• FL (Femur length)
  
  

• AC (Abdominal circumference)
  
  

⚠️ Important Safety Rules

• Use lowest power settings (ALARA principle: As Low As Reasonably Achievable)
  
  

• Don’t scan for too long
  
  

• Be gentle and explain the procedure
  
  

• Confirm pregnancy is inside the uterus (not ectopic)