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• PHARMACODYNAMICS:- describes “what the drug does to the body. Specifically, it deals with the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanism of action.

• IDIOSYNCRASIES: Is an abnormal physical reaction by an individual to a food or drug 

• ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS (ADR) – Is an injury caused by taking a medication. ADRs may occur following a single dose or prolonged administration of a drug or result from the continuation of two or more drugs.

• ANALGESICS:- These are drugs that dull or reduce sense of pain. Its also called pain reliever because it takes away pain without loss of consciousness e.g Paracetamol, didofenac.

• ANAESTHETICS:- These are drugs that causes loss of sensation. It could be local anaesthetics e.g lidocaine – this causes loss of sensation by blocking the nerve conduction only in the particular area where they are applied. However, General Anaesthetics – not only cause of loss of sensation but also loss of consciousness.

BIOAVALABILITY:- This is the percentage or fraction of administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation. In other words, Bioavailability is expressed as the fraction of administered drug that gain access to the systemic