Chapter 1

🏥 1. Liver Scan (Abdominal Scan)

Position: Patient lies on back, right arm raised
Probe Placement: Right upper abdomen (below the ribs)
Marker Direction: Toward patient’s head or right side

What to Look For:

• Smooth liver surface
  
  

• Even texture (not too dark or too bright)
  
  

• Vessels like portal vein and hepatic vein
  
  

Abnormal Findings:

• Bright spots = fatty liver
  
  

• Dark round areas = cysts
  
  

• Uneven texture = possible liver disease
  
  

🫁 2. Kidney Scan

Position: Patient lies on back or side
Probe Placement: Left and right flanks (sides of abdomen)
Marker Direction: Toward patient’s head

What to Look For:

• Kidney bean shape
  
  

• Dark (black) central area = fluid in collecting system
  
  

• Lining is smooth and regular
  
  

Abnormal Findings:

• Bright areas = stones
  
  

• Swollen dark center = hydronephrosis
  
  

• Masses or cysts = possible growth
  
  

🧠 3. Bladder Scan

Position: Patient lies on back with full bladder
Probe Placement: Lower belly, just above pubic bone
Marker Direction: Upwards toward head

What to Look For:

• Round or oval black (fluid-filled) shape
  
  

• Smooth walls
  
  

• Equal shape on both sides
  
  

Abnormal Findings:

• Thickened wall = infection
  
  

• Mass inside = tumor or blood clot
  
  

🖼️ Illustration: Liver, Kidney, and Bladder Scanning Areas

(Image to be added here — would you like me to generate a labeled diagram now?)

💬 Tips for Better Organ Scanning

• Ask the patient to hold breath briefly for liver/kidneys
  
  

• Always freeze and save clear images
  
  

• Measure size if organ looks too big or small